Ideology premises the existence of "normal" participants; we don't speak of children as having ideologies - to a responsible and potent subject
Act in the public sphere - to which children have limited access; this requires access to strangers
Ideologies work because of a deterioration of traditional social structures
Speech was typically authorized by authority/social position
Ideology premises new kinds of claims/legitimations are possible
"Once the possibility of supernatural interference was destroyed, everything became both natural and possible"
Ideologies weaken traditional structures by refocusing the vision of everyday life; by calling to mind things not in normal evidence, not directly viewable by the senses, not in the circumference of the immediate - they make reference to things not "at hand"
You can't see a "class", "nation" "free market" but socialism, nationalism and liberalism bring these structures to mind
Ideologies permit some of the seen but unoticed aspects of everyday life to be see and newly noticed
Ideologies permit interpretations of the everyday life that are not possible within the terms of everyday life's ordinary language: an argument between workers and foremen may be interpreted now as class struggle; they are metalanguage
Enable people more effectively to pursue interests without being restricted by particular ties; bonds of sentiment or loyalty that kinsmen and neighbors owe one another
Ideology uproots, extricates, enables persons to pursue projects they have chosen
Ideologies capture and refocus energies involved in free-floating anxieties. Anxiety liquidates old symbolic commitments, allowing men to seek new ones and judge them in new ways, but anxiety makes it urgent.
"Religion stopped being something like the sky...became something like a bank of clouds...Of all the ideological changes this is by far the most profound...At all events, it is the most unprecedented...Christianity is irrelevant." (Eric Hobsbawm)
Most great and articulate defenses of traditionalism are, and can only be, made from a standpoint outside of it.
Ideological politics now claims to be a historically new and higher form of politics, a kind of selfless work. It authorizes itself to make the highst claims upon its adherents. It obliges them to pursue their goals with zealous determination, while authorizing them to inflict the severest penalties on those who oppose those goals.
Ideology transforms politics into a sacred labor.
Greater pressure for practitioners to conceal, from themselves as well as others, any base motives they have.
They may come to believe that unlike others they are disinterested in personal perquisites.
Power is defined in utility/functions, group interests, rather than as an enjoyable privilege that its possessors may consume privately.
When they seek office, power, livings, tenures or income they do not seek them as private enjoyments but only because they advance the collective
Ideology serves to permit ruthlessness to others in the name of high values and to present selfless ambition - that nonpartisanship which legitimates any claim to power.
Ideology thereby permits the mobilization of power and at the same time allows its full and unrestrained discharge
Irving Kristol: "Ideologies are religions of a sort, but they differ from the older kinds in that they argue from information instead of ultimately from ignorance..."
Men must be more interested in the news from this world than in the tidings from another. The most obdurate enemy of ideology is illiteracy.
Tendency to "make the facts amenable to ideas, and ideas to facts, in order to create a world image convincing enough to support the collective and individual sense of identity."
What makes a "world image" credible differs under different historical conditions.
Secularization has 2 aspects: 1) traditional world views and obj. lose power and validity as myth, ritual, tradition 2) transformed into constructions to do both at once, criticize and reorganize the released material of tradition... existing legitimations are replaced by new ones
"In this sense there can be no prebourgeois 'ideologies'"
When Adam Smith sought to reform the relationship between government and business he wrote "the wealth of nations" (1776)
Goal to persuade "est. government to abandon the errors of mercantilism and to adopt the policy of internal free trade"
Serves to consolidate the unity of those who believe
Shape communication with nonbelievers whom they recruit
Commitment made to group prior to knowing why (tradition)
Commitment made to knowledge prior to group (ideology)
Struggle over which definitions of social reality, which moral rules are to be dominant
Positivism one-sidedly stressed the pre-scientific inadequacy, rather than the post-tradition accomplishment, of ideology
How do we know that the erring speaker really believes in the grammar he violates? If he violates it frequently, we might well wonder whether he really does believe it or is simply giving "lip service" to it out of expedience.
1) justifies assertions
2)without invoking authority
3) prefers to invoke consent
This is a culture of discourse that rests on the premise that the coercive power of societal authority has been undermined and that the use of manipulative rhetoric is limited either by institutional and moral restraints or by the prevailing tech
With the increased decontextualization of communication, and with the spread of depersonalizing print, communication becomes a kind of ghostly, disembodied voice separated from its speaker.
We began by stressing our most elemental notion of ideology as a system of symbols nad of rules for using them.
Indeed, persons social positions may be defined as a source of their cognitive unreliability